Heavy Metal Copper – Properties, Uses, and Importance
Copper is one of the most essential and historically significant metals. Its chemical symbol, Cu, comes from the Latin word cuprum, which was derived from Cyprus, an ancient source of the metal. Copper is a transition metal, widely recognized for its reddish-gold color, excellent conductivity, and corrosion resistance, making it valuable in various applications, from […]
Transition Elements: Iron
Introduction to Iron Iron (Fe) is a chemical element with atomic number 26, belonging to the transition metals in the periodic table. It is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and is essential for life. Iron is known for its strength, malleability, and ability to conduct heat and electricity. It forms the backbone […]
Transition Elements: General Characteristics
Introduction of Transition Elements Transition elements are the group of metallic elements found in the d-block of the periodic table, specifically in groups 3 to 12. They are characterized by having partially filled d-orbitals in their atoms or ions, which leads to unique properties. These include multiple oxidation states, the ability to form colored compounds, […]
Chemical Bonding and Shape of Molecules
Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding is the force that holds atoms together in compounds and molecules. The understanding of how atoms bond and form structures is fundamental to chemistry. Atoms bond to achieve stability by fulfilling the octet rule, where they attain a full outer electron shell, typically of eight electrons. There are several […]
Chemical Thermodynamics for Class 12
“Step into the dynamic world of Chemical Thermodynamics—where every reaction is a story of energy balance and change.”
Chemical Kinetics: Reaction Rates, Equations and Mechanisms
Chemical Kinetics Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with studying the rates of chemical reactions, the factors affecting these rates, and the mechanisms by which the reactions occur. It involves understanding how different conditions, such as concentration, temperature, and the presence of catalysts, influence the speed at which reactions proceed. This field […]
Electrochemistry | Class 12 Chemistry Notes | Physical Chemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical reactions.
Ionic Equilibrium
Ionic equilibrium
Volumetric Analysis
Volumetric Analysis: It is a type of quantitative analysis based on the measurement of the volume of one solution required to react completely with a definite volume of another solution. By comparing the volume of two solutions, we can calculate the concentration of one solution provided that the concentration of another solution is known. […]